Personalized Targeted Prevention and Therapy Relied on Detection of Global and Local Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Some diseases including tumor, genetic diseases and uncured diseases in nerve, endocrine, cardiovascular systems require physicians to address a question about effective prevention and treatment[1]. This is why physicians should apply for new techniques available as soon as possible. Now some important discoveries in enhancing the therapeutic effect have emerged in clinical fields such as “personalized medicine”[2] and “targeted therapy”[3]. Personalized medicine is a new medical model relied on individual characteristics of each patient rather than “one size fits all” treatment. Detecting patient’s genomics profile is an important foundation of personalized medicine. This genomic profile can be applied for physicians to define what genomics change makes the patient susceptible to his disease or anticipates which medical prevention and treatments will be safe and effective for the patient[4]. Recent development of clinical research has enabled physicians to understand causes and mechanism of some diseases related to genomic profiles analyzed by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of different prevention and treatment[5]. Targeted therapy (also called as molecularly targeted therapy) is second advanced module by interfering with specific targeted molecules needed for some diseases such as carcinogenesis and tumor growth rather than by simply interfering with all dividing cells (as traditional chemotherapy) or some stimulating with specific inducing molecules needed for some other diseases such as diabetes or genetic disease rather than by simply inducing within all cells. Because most clinical application of the agents have some toxicity to normal cells, such as agents for tumor disease called as chemotherapy, if both modalities (personalized therapy and targeted therapy) can be combined,both personalized therapy (based on SNP of individual response for each agents) and targeted therapy (based on small molecules for specific targeted molecules expected to “higher selective targeting” and “less toxic” than other personalized therapy) will be more effective than other forms of treatments. The combination, here, is called as Personalized Targeted Prevention and Therapy (PTPT or Personalized Targeted Therapy, PTT). Moreover, scientists are going to integrate SNPs profiles with other genomic profiles among of them (GWAS-transcriptome, GWAS-microRNA, GWAS-transcriptome-epigenetics, All genomics profiles GWAS-epigenetics-microRNA-transcriptome-proteomics or Encyclopedia of DNA Elements, ENCODE) to study therapeutic targeting[6]. At present, if the PTPT combinations are successful, the module with two features, “personalized” and “targeted” can be developed into prevention and treatment of most diseases including nerve-cardiovascular, tumor, genetic and uncured diseases. In the near future, PTPT will play an important role in ENCODE data. In order to introduce rational Personalized Targeted Prevention and Therapy (PTPT), according to workflow of Personalized Targeted Prevention and Therapy (Figure 1), In the review manual, we will first introduce (A) clinical sampling for SNPs and genomic techniques and then present (B) clinical SNP detection related analysis and diagnosis; discuss in detail (C) SNP signature related system model including system model concept, current system model for personalized prevention and therapy and clinical application; finally, we will briefly list current targeted therapy and present (D) personalized targeted prevention and therapy related with different validation methods. In conclusion section, we will address future development of SNP related system model for Personalized Targeted Prevention and Therapy. Personalized Targeted Prevention and Therapy Relied on Detection of Global and Local Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms